One of my Sunday rituals is going to local bookstores and browsing current magazines and books. One such Sunday I was turning the pages of Vanity Fair and an older woman sat on the bench next to me. “Have you seen the Star Wars movies?” I look up, she is dressed in head-to-toe Burberry and seemed kindly. I reply, of course I have seen them. Watching Star Wars as a child, I never thought very deeply about the storyline other than really loving the Ewoks (lol). I will insert here that strangers often approach me to divulge things, I am very used to them telling me interesting albeit, outrageous stories or confessions. I once had a woman unsolicited tell me she was in the witness protection program in a pool in the Florida Keys (lol). Earnestly, the lovely older woman begins to tell me how Star Wars is based on the past and this is the future. She goes on to say Star Wars is the history of humankind and of things that happened above and below the Earth. According to her Star Wars was written from accounts of a panel of scientists that created humans. She states that humans are grafts of three things. I really wish I had written them all down but one of the three was pygmy's, one was an animal and no, it was not an ape. There was a third thing which I cannot recall. Once she was finished saying all of this, she searched my eyes for what I believe to be comprehension. I thanked her for sharing and then her son arrived and whisked her off to brunch. I did run into her a few weeks later in the magazine section and she patted the bench next to her for me to sit with her, I waved and moved on. I still wonder if I listened to the raving of a mad woman or was there something valid in what she told me? I recount this story occasionally during conversations. When I began thinking about writing about Rh-negative blood and reading various scientific and esoteric theories of its origin, this story became relevant again. There are all sorts of theories about the origin of Rh-negative blood from an evolutionary genetic mutation to a hypothesis that Quetzalcoatl a Viking sole survivor of a sea exploration that brought him in contact with Aztecs, who then went on to worship him as a God being the origin of Rh-negative blood. Another theory is that the extraterrestrial race the Anunnaki, that established ancient Mesopotamian civilizations, engineered, or crossbred with humans, and that this process created the Rh-negative blood type. I did my best in trying to reconstruct some of the main myths surrounding its origin as well as some noteworthy scientific observations.
Blood is viewed as a carrier of life force, diffusing through a person’s body, radiating life and energy. It is a resource that is recycled between generations, infused with the qualities and potencies of a person. The origin of blood types remains a scientific mystery. The Rh blood group system was discovered in 1940 by Karl Landsteiner and A.S. Weiner. Landsteiner found a common factor between Rhesus monkey blood and human blood in its clumping response, naming the factor Rh-positive, meaning having the same factor as the Rhesus monkey.
Since Landsteiner's discovery many other Rh antigens have been identified. The RHD gene codes a part of ammonium or CO2 pump on the surface of red blood cells. The RHD antigen causes a severe immune reaction and is the determinant of the Rh trait. If the ‘D’ antigen is present on the RBC surface, it is deemed Rh-positive and if ‘D’ antigen is absent it is Rh-negative. The Rh antigen can cause a serious immunologic response in a Rh-negative person. If there is a need for a blood transfusion, Rh-negative individuals must receive Rh-negative blood only whereas Rh-positive individuals can receive either Rh-positive or Rh-negative blood. When Rh-positive blood is given in transfusion it may not cause an issue the first time however the immune response to the antigen will cause the formation anti-Rh antibodies in response to the foreign Rh antigen. If Rh-positive blood is given after developing antibodies, the anti-Rh antibodies will attack the foreign red blood cells, causing them to agglutinate. This agglutination causes destruction of the red blood cells and can elicit serious adverse events and death. The effect of Rh incompatibility on Rh-positive fetuses in Rh-negative mothers can only be observed in humans. During pregnancy when the mother is Rh-negative, and the father is Rh-positive their first child if Rh-positive is usually not in danger unless the mother has acquired anti-Rh antibodies via an incompatible blood transfusion as described above. If no previous exposure has occurred during a blood transfusion or a prior delivery of a Rh-positive baby at which time a small amount of the fetus’s blood can enter the mother’s bloodstream, the mother will produce anti-Rh antibodies, which will attack any subsequent pregnancies with Rh incompatible fetuses. During subsequent pregnancies with Rh-positive fetuses the anti-Rh antibodies will induce hemolytic disease, which can be fatal to the fetus or baby shortly after birth. Hemolytic disease can be avoided by giving the mother Rh immunoglobulin after delivery of her firstborn if she a Rh-negative mother gives birth to a Rh-positive baby. The Rh immunoglobulin (RhoGAM) prevents the mother from making antibodies to Rh-positive blood. It is also given during pregnancy prophylactically if the father is known to be Rh-positive or if he is of unknown blood type.
The Rh-negative gene is recessive. There may be unknown benefits of the Rh-negative gene that have been left undiscovered. Similar benefits like malaria resistance that drive high frequencies of sickle cell trait and thalassemia's. However, no specific obvious selective advantage is known at this time, there are no obvious genomic selection markers on the Rh-negative allele, and if there were a selective advantage to the Rh-negative allele then one would wonder why the rate is not higher. Another explanation for the Rh-negative gene is a means of reproductive overcompensation, driving Rh-negative women to have more children to replace the ones that die from hemolytic disease from Rh incompatibility. Natures way of raising the birth rate and improving odds in greater numbers. There are some known health advantages to being Rh-negative. For instance, it has been found that people with Rh-negative blood have a natural resistance to HIV, but not immunity. Those with Rh-negative blood are infected less and survive more than those with Rh-positive blood from Ebola exposure. They are also resistant to Chikungunya fever, a virus spread by mosquitos. A recent study concluded, Rh-negative blood was found to have a protective outcome for risk for infection, intubation and death associated with Covid-19. The mutation causing Rh-negative allele could be in response to an ancient virus. Rh-positive does however protect against effects of latent toxoplasmosis on motor performance and personality. Rh-negatives are affected by toxoplasmosis symptoms more than Rh-positive people, so perhaps Rh-positive allele selection is higher due to its favorable tolerance of parasite load.
Several studies have shown that Rh-negative subjects report worse health in certain measures than their Rh-positive peers. Rh-negative women, but not men, scored worse in wellbeing measured using the WHO-BREFF questionnaire. The WHO-BREFF is a self-administered questionnaire outlining 26 questions about an individual's perceptions of their health and well-being over a 2-week period. The Rh-negative men scored worse in mental health-related variables and in their self-reported economic situation and the Rh-negative women scored better in physical health-related variables. Interestingly, most of these studies relied on self-reporting or evaluation of perceived well-being rather than using objective measures of health and well-being. The negative perception of health and well-being could be an effect of living in a Rh-positive world. Rh-negative people carry two copies of the allele of the RHD gene with large deletion of the D allele. As stated above, Rh-positive progeny of Rh-negative mothers often died due to hemolytic anemia of newborns before the introducing of prophylactic treatment with anti-D immunoglobulins during pregnancy (Rhogam). It has been suggested that this selection pressure for Rh–negative blood is or was counterbalanced by another selection, for example, by selection in favor of Rh-positive people during the Paleolithic period. Except for its immunological effect and reports about the possible association of Rh-negativity with certain personality traits there have not been many objective studies on the effect of Rh-negativity on phenotype or on health. However, several recent studies suggest the existence of specific effects of Rh phenotype and genotype on human psychomotor performance and health. Generally, Rh-negative subjects often self-report worse health and express higher sensitivity to various negative environmental factors, such as Toxoplasmosis gondii infection and smoking. Rh-positive heterozygotes were found to have self-reported better health and performance relative to Rh-negative subjects, Perhaps Rh polymorphism is sustained in the population by balancing selection in favor of Rh-positive individuals for their better subjective health status.
There is a study that suggests that Rh-positive babies, born to Rh-negative mothers are at increased relative risk for developing schizophrenia. Christina G.S. Palmer, M.D stated it is “simply the set up. It is the sequelae of it that leads to the individual’s developing schizophrenia.” Palmer emphasized that her study did not implicate a direct causal relationship between a specific allele of the RHD gene and schizophrenia. “The RHD gene,” she said, “does not cause schizophrenia. What we have is a model for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, a trigger that sets up a cascade of events that results in an increased risk of developing the disease.” The mother’s immune system may mount a response to the RHD protein being present, which it perceives as foreign. Rh incompatibility can also lead to an increase in unconjugated bilirubin, a neurotoxin which developing glial cells are sensitive. Both fetal hypoxia and abnormal glial development have both been tied to increased risk of developing schizophrenia in previous research. There was also an overrepresentation within their sample of combinations in which the mother was Rh-negative, and the child was Rh-positive. Palmer also found similar “The relative risk was about twofold, not a huge increase in risk, but it’s not nothing either.” Many of the subjects in Palmer’s study were born prior to RhoGAM development in the late 1960s, as were the subjects tested in other studies implicating an RHD connection to schizophrenia. Palmer said “The big question in my mind is, Has the use of prophylaxis [against the mother’s immune response] reduced the risk of schizophrenia in Rh incompatibility or not? We do not know,” she said, “but somebody should be following that up. It is a big question. This is a risk that is due to an adverse fetal environment, not a gene that is acting directly on the individual fetus’s body to cause schizophrenia. And it should be a risk that is reducible.”
One of the most interesting attributes is that Rh-negative people cannot be cloned (supposedly). Clones would technically have the same blood type. This theory originates from attempts to clone Rh factor, which several labs have been able to clone Rh-positive without gaining insight as to how its three-dimensional structure is formed. Researchers are exploring techniques for Rh conversion to make O negative blood which is the universal donor thereby reducing the reliance on and risk associated with donor blood. Supposedly, cloning Rh-positive blood was successfully done in 1997 but not Rh-negative. However, “pharming” or genetically engineered Rh-negative blood is being attempted because cloning it has been unsuccessful. This “pharmed” blood or genetically engineered artificial blood is made by removing cells from umbilical cords and processing it in a way that mimics the way bone marrow produces functioning red blood cells. The blood is processed by retrieving hematopoietic cells from an umbilical cord and then using genetically engineered plants or animal products. These hematopoietic cells isolated from umbilical cord blood are cultured in an environment that provides them with nutrients and molecular signals they need to develop into red blood cells. It takes about 3 days to generate 20 units of transfusion-ready blood from a single unit of umbilical cord blood. Blood substitutes all have limitations. For example, most of the hemoglobin-based products last no more than 20-30 hours in the body. Compared to transfusions of whole blood that lasts 34 days (about 1 month 3 and a half days). Also, blood substitutes do not mimic the blood's ability to fight diseases with antibodies nor do they contain the necessary components for clotting. In 2008, Darpa, launched the “pharming” program to manufacture copious quantities of universal-donor (O-negative) blood. Arteriocyte a biotech firm received $1.95 million for the program, they sent their pharmed blood product to the Food and Drug Administration for approval, but I did not find any information that it had been approved. A single unit of pharmed bloods projected cost is $5,000 (LOL). The military is using it but as stated above this product contains no clotting factors that would be needed to prevent a hemorrhagic event in the presence of a traumatic injury.
The Rh-negative trait is rare, it occurs in about 15% of people in the world. The trait’s highest rate is among the Basques of the Pyrenees (25–35%) and the Imazighen, Berbers of Africa, and the Bedouins of the Sinai Peninsula (18–30%). Notably, among 612 primate species not 1 has Rh-negative blood. Neanderthals are not recessive carriers of Rh-negative allele either. Rh-negative type is virtually absent in every Asian country as well
The Basque lands were described by classical authors as Romanized plains in the central and southern part of Navarre, formed by less Romanized areas from Navarre to the Pyrenees to the eastern Cantabrian coast. In the Dark Ages after the fall of the Roman Empire and the entry into the western Roman Empire of the Germanic tribes, the Basque region was a key place of passage for several distinct groups of invaders. The Basque are also the only people of Western Europe who continue to speak an indigenous language, an isolated tongue not spoken anywhere else in Europe. The Basques language, Euskara, is one of the oldest languages spoken in Europe. This unique language may have contributed to maintaining an elevated level of genetic isolation. Characteristics demonstrating the Basques genetic isolation are a high frequency of blood group O, almost complete absence of group B and the high rate of Rh-negative individuals. Basque Country has been a source of emigration since the time of war against the Muslims (10th–15th centuries) to the south of the Iberian Peninsula, and to America after the 16th century. After the Latin American Wars of Independence and the successive Spanish Civil wars during the 19th and 20th Centuries as many as 10% of people in some Latin American countries, including Argentina, Colombia, Chile, Cuba, Mexico, Uruguay, and Venezuela, have Basque ancestry as well as a high frequency of Rh-negative blood, 35.6% of a sample of Argentineans of Basque origin were found to be Rh-negative.
Rh-negative blood seems to show up at the same time as domesticated animals, agriculture, the bowand arrow and Cro Magnon man. Many Europeans are a recent admixture between a population with a high frequency of the Rh-negative allele and one with an extremely low frequency. Ancient DNA suggests that this admixture may provide clues. Dr. Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza an Italian geneticist wrote extensively on the origin of Rh-negative blood. Cavalli-Sforza helped to create the field of genetic geography and found the theory of cultural evolution. Cavalli-Sforza thought that this admixture was specifically a mixture between Rh-negative hunter-gatherers and Rh-positive farmers, based on the theory that the Basque population, who they “believed” to have predominantly hunter-gatherer ancestry, have a remarkably high frequency of Rh-negative blood. Current frequencies may be consistent with genome-wide ancestry, in that they reflect a mixture of the ancient populations from around the time of the Bronze Age. The Rh-negative frequency in present-day Europe however seems to be lower than in the Bronze Age, which may be evidence for selection against the Rh-negative allele. It may also reflect that there is less Steppe ancestry presently than in DNA samples of Bronze Age peoples. Around 40% of Steppe-ancestry individuals are believed to have been Rh-negative, compared to around 24% of hunter-gatherers, 4% of early farmers, compared to about 16% of present-day Europeans. The question as to why the Rh-negative frequency was higher in hunter-gatherer and Steppe populations has not been answered scientifically, yet. According to some studies proto–Basque DNA seems to come from the Caucasus region. Through another analysis of ancient DNA. A 2019 study of 8,000 years of genetics in the Iberian Peninsula, hinted at a single migration more than 4,500 years ago. A migration originating in the steppes of Russia, near the Black and Caspian seas, and from about 2,500 B.C. the DNA of Iberians was overtaken by it. This finding backs up the “Steppe hypothesis,” that a group of mostly males on horseback carrying bronze weapons swept into Europe from the east. Separate studies have hinted that those men may be linked to today’s Basque, who speak a non-Indo-European language and carry genetic markers closely related to those from the steppe. People with Rh negative blood could have been more likely to migrate to other places. Did those proto-Basque people or other Rh-negative peoples of that time also have a higher frequency of the wanderlust gene (DRD4-7R)? We know epigenetics shape personality and guide decisions we make, could be they were travelers or sought new lands?
Dr. Luigi Cavalli-Sforza wrote, “Human populations are sometimes known as ethnic groups, or “races” if one likes although racists misuse of the term has made it rather odious. They are hard to define in a way that is both rigorous and useful because human beings group themselves in a bewildering array of sets, some of them overlapping, all of them in a state of flux. For much of its history the human species was organized by tribes, or groups of close related people. Languages are a rough guide to tribes and tribal membership. Distances between aboriginal groups cannot be abstracted from the presence or absence of a single inherited trait, or the gene that expresses it, because each group carries practically all the extant human genes. What does vary is the frequency with which the genes appear. A good example is furnished by the vast set of data for the Rh factor. One can estimate degrees of relatedness by subtracting the percentage of Rh-negative individuals among, say, the English (16%) from that among the Basques (25%) to find a difference of 9 percentage points. But between the English and the East Asians it comes to 16 points a greater distance that perhaps implies a more ancient separation. There is thus nothing formidable in the concept of genetic distance.”
According to Cavalli-Sforza among some of the highest percentages of Rh-negative blood is among the Berber tribes still living in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco. There is a theory that certain Berber tribes were among the first people to use the sea to facilitate migration and with them they brought a blood mutation that survived.
Dr. Luigi Cavalli-Sforza published a map of the populations with the highest percentage of Rh-negative blood. He wrote that the migrating sea peoples had three main tribes. The dark featured, Rh-negative Berbers, originally from Morocco, Algiers, and Senegal, who discovered and populated the Canary and Cabo Verde islands, as well as all the Atlantic islands off Europe, Basque country and established reindeer hunting camps in Arctic Norway and leather tanning stations on the southern tip of Sweden and the west coast of Ireland. They controlled all Atlantic Ocean traffic and the far western Mediterranean Sea. The Berbers from Morocco were the Shekelesh of Egyptian records, while the people of Britain may have been called the Aqaiwasha. The people of the Hebrides and Scotland were known to the Egyptians as the Tyrrhenoi, later known to the Romans as the Picts. Their migration was a simple one and covered an area that was within reach of their homeland. Cavalli-Sforza also reports two small, isolated populations of the same tribe, one in Chad and another in Senegal, each with elevated levels of Rh-negative blood. He shows a Rh-negative population in Chad, still living near the formerly enormous Lake Chad. Only part of this lake still exists on the spot where the boundaries of Chad, Niger, Nigeria, and Cameroon meet. These people may originally have been the sailors on Lake Chad.
Cavalli-Sforza states, the name "Peoples of the Sea" comes directly from Egyptian records, describing the Sea Peoples' exploits. They were tribes who had developed a lifestyle virtually completely dependent upon the sea. They perfected boats, sailing and navigational techniques for fishing offshore as well as long distance travel and explored much of the Atlantic Ocean. They invented or improved leather boats by discovering that oak-tanned hides would keep their shape and usefulness when used in contact with salt water and to keep their boats seaworthy. The Sea Peoples were actively involved in exploring the Mediterranean, Black Sea, and Atlantic Ocean. They may have started their experimentation with navigation and sea exploration as early as 38,000 BCE.
Cavalli-Sforza states when the Rh-negative people, we now call Berbers, first came to what is today, Euskadi, Basque country, they found there a small population which, according to the archaeologists, may have lived there already for some 20,000 years before the Rh-negative peoples arrived. The two peoples were quite different genetically. The endemic population had brachycephalic (round) skulls. The Berbers had dolichocephalic (long) skulls, wedge-shaped heads, wide at the temples and narrowing to a pointed chin and were Rh-negative. To this day, the Rh-negative people live mainly incoastal areas. They may have been the most experienced sailors of the Atlantic Ocean of their time. They are believed to have arrived in the Bay of Biscay around 10,000 BCE. Cavalli-Sforza states sailors from Berber tribes and the Basque country had explored the entire west coast of Europe as early as 9,000 BCE. They had explored as far north as Arctic Norway in search of reindeer, for hides for sails.
In Ireland the people, referred to as "Black Irish", have dark hair and eyes, wedge shaped faces, and look like Berbers and Basques. Cavalli-Sforza claims their blood type proves that Berbers and Basques were originally closely related people, as many of the so-called Black Irish have Rh-negative blood. One theory about the origins of the term is that it describes Irish people who descend from survivors of the Spanish Armada. There are other hypotheses, mostly placing Irish ancestors on the Iberian Peninsula or among the traders that sailed back and forth between Spain, North Africa, and Ireland, particularly around the Connemara region. They are likely the descendants of the first settlers to Ireland and Scotland. A little investigation on my part found that Cavalli-Sforza is not wrong in his assertion. Analysis of a 5,200-year-old Irish farmers DNA suggested that the population of Ireland at that time was closely genetically related to present day populations of southern Europe, especially Spain and Sardinia. Their ancestors, originally migrated from the Middle East, and its fertile crescent. Further analysis of three 4000-year-old Bronze Age men demonstrated another wave of migration to Ireland took place, from Eastern Europe. One-third of their ancestry came from the Steppe region of Russia and Ukraine, those people gradually spread across western Europe. One of the oldest texts in Ireland is the Leabhar Gabhla, the Book of Invasions. It tells a semi-mythical history of the people who settled in Ireland. It describes the first settlers to arrive in Ireland as a small dark people called the Fir Bolg. The Leabhar Gabhla says that the group that came to Ireland and fully established itself as rulers of the island were the Milesian or the sons of Mil, a soldier from Spain. DNA research into male Y chromosomes has found that the R1b haplogroup reaches remarkably high concentrations in Western Ireland and the Basque country in northern Spain as well. Today, people living in the north of Spain in the region known as the Basque Country share many DNA traits with the Irish.
According to Cavalli-Sforza other tribes of Sea Peoples include the blond-haired, blue eyed, Rh-positive Shardana, also known as the Sherden, originally from Cyrenaica, located between Libya and Egypt near the Mediterranean they were known to the Hittites as the Kaska, their descendants still live in the northeast of Turkey under the name of Circassian Turks. In their extremely wide-ranging migration, they sailed to the north shore of the Black Sea and rowed up the Dnepr River and over time populated Ukraine as far north as modern Lithuania. They then went on to settle the islands in, and the lands around the Baltic Sea. After settling the mainland of Norway and the Friesian islands they ended their migration in Iceland. In the Odyssey, the people who settled Norway are known by the name of Phaiakians or Phaikians, now called Vikings. Compared to the simple and local migration of the Berbers, the blonde Tribe covered a huge area in Europe and Asia. Easy to spot with their blue eyes, straw-colored hair, and tall stature and especially for the tallness of the women. Wherever they migrated they had a reputation for being excellent handlers and breeders of horses and cattle. They were also superb sailors and navigators. The Shardana are well known in northeast Turkey as the Circassian Turks, who are among the best equestrians on earth. The blond-haired peoples' migration to the fertile and safe Ukraine also increased their numbers enormously. Cavalli-Sforza states sailors from Berber tribes and the Basque country had explored the entire west coast of Europe as early as 9,000 BCE. They had explored as far north as Arctic Norway in search of reindeer, for their hides for sails. Other Sea Peoples lived on the shores of the Indian ocean, one of them being the Yemeni from southern Arabia, who traveled regularly to India, Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Indonesia.
There are some esoteric theories on the origin of Rh-negative blood one of them being Rh-negative blood originates with Atlanteans. A part of Basque lore is that they claim lineage from Atlanteans. There is a belief that some of the genetic differences of the Basques are related to Atlantean ancestry. Berbers also have a high percentage or Rh-negative blood and among certain indigenous tribes of Canary Islands which also have lore of being descendants of Atlanteans also with Cro-Magnon origins. In areas where Cro-Magnon man existed, such as the Atlas Mountains in Morocco and Canary Islands, there is also a high incidence of Rh-negative blood type. Rh-negative blood was possibly common among the Guanches of the Canary Islands. The Guanches being the indigenous people of the Canary Islands. An interesting theory is the Atlanteans are ethnically linked to the ancient Guanches and Berbers. The Guanches were first described by a 12th century Arab geographer Muhammad Al-Idrisi who visited the Canary Islands and found an indigenous populace. He described a village “whose inhabitants have long, flaxen hair and the women of a rare beauty.” These features sound like the features attributed to Atlanteans. No one knows how the Guanches came to arrive on the Canary Islands. The Guanches are also known to be tall with reddish brown skin. Their mitochondrial DNA analysis shows maternal lineage characterized by the prevalence of North-African lineage. Many of the modern inhabitants of the Canary Islands share Guanche DNA. As stated above they display close genetic compatibility to modern North Africans. This supports the theory that the Guanches were descended from a Berber like population who migrated from mainland North Africa. Among modern populations, Guanches were also found to be genetically like modern Sardinians as well. They were determined to be carriers of Early European Farmer (EEF) ancestry, which spread into North Africa from Iberia during the Neolithic period or later. One Guanche was also found to have ancestry related to European hunter-gathers, providing further evidence of prehistoric gene flow from Europe. It was estimated that modern Canary Islanders derive 16%–31% of their DNA from the Guanches. Cro-Magnon humans were probably responsible for the formation of the Iberomaurusian culture. Iberomaurusian means "of Iberia and Mauretania", Mauretania is a Latin name for Northwest Africa. The Guanches could be the recipients of ancient Atlantean ancestry?
Now back to Atlantis, some ancient writers viewed Atlantis as real and some as a metaphorical myth.Myth, Greek mythos "speech, thought, word, discourse, conversation; story, saga, tale, myth, anything delivered by word of mouth," Myth is an oral tradition, one that is passed from generation to generation. Plato considered myths as “vehicles of great truths well worth the seeking.” John Ruskin wrote “to the mean person the myth always meant little; to the noble person, much; and the greater their familiarity with it, the more contemptible it became to one, and the more sacred to the other; until vulgar commentators explained it entirely away.”
Aristotle believed that Plato, invented Atlantis as a metaphor. According to Lewis Spence and his History of Atlantis, the Atlantean civilization began around 10,000 B.C.E. It declined ten centuries later and was destroyed by a natural disaster and invaders from Western Europe. There is a theory that Atlanteans migrated from the Iberian Peninsula, however they claimed to be descendants of Titans. That an island such as Atlantis may have existed can be demonstrated by some ancient authors clues. According to the philosopher Proclus, a man named Marcellus authored a book called Aethiopica in this book is a description of the mythical island Atlantis. Marcellus has never been identified, and his book is lost. Most historians believe that Marcellus may have lived in the 1st century B.C. and wrote about Atlantis long before Plato. Aethiopica, may have been a historical work about Africa. Proclus cites Marcellus’s account of mariners that sailed deep into the Atlantic Ocean, discovering a people with a preserved memory of a submerged island. According to the account the large island of Atlantis had already existed for many ages and reigned over all islands in the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantis was described as sacred to Poseidon. Plato describes his mythical Atlantis as an island larger than Libya and Asia Minor combined, located in the Atlantic Ocean just beyond the Pillars of Heracles which is assumed to mean the Strait of Gibraltar. Its culture was advanced, they had a constitution like the one outlined in Plato’s “Republic.” Plato described Atlantis as a great naval power. Atlantis protected by the god Poseidon, made his son Atlas king and namesake of the island and the ocean it was in. Ethics in Atlantis declined as their power grew. Their armies eventually conquered Africa as far as Egypt and Europe as far as Etruscan Italy before being driven back by Athenians. Via divine punishment, the island was seized by earthquakes and floods, and sank into a muddy ocean. Plato’s Critia's says he heard the story of Atlantis from his grandfather, who had heard it from the Athenian political leader Solon 300 years before Plato lived. Solon learned it from an Egyptian priest, who said it had happened 9,000 years before that. Plato used his mythical Atlantis to promote his ideas of an ideal society, using stories of ancient triumph and catastrophes as comparison to more recent events like the Trojan War or Athens’ calamitous invasion of Sicily. The authenticity of Plato’s tale was controversial in ancient times as well.
Michael Hubner, a German used Plato's 51 clues as variables he applied the variables to a computer program to determine the lost city/island of Atlantis may have existed on the coastline of Morocco. Plato's 51 clues include a location near the ocean, a location outside the "Pillars of Heracles", believed to be the Strait of Gibraltar; the presence of elephants; mountains to its north; a ringlike structure of the city; it had to be around 3100 miles (about the width of the United States) from Athens. Hubner chose this distance using the measure of Alexander the Great's farthest military campaigns. Not located in Europe or Asia, high mountains to the north, presence of horses, year-round water supply, with streams from mountains and a trench parallel to the shore etc. Hubner applied the 51 variables using a map overlaid with a grid of 400 subareas. The more variables that matched a set of geographic coordinates, the more likely that square revealed the location of Atlantis. When the points were computed, one of Hubner's 400 squares stood out: a spot on the Moroccan coastline south of Marrakesh known as the Souss-Massa plain This area faces the Atlantic Ocean. The interior of the Souss-Massa plain is dominated by the Anti- Atlas Mountain range, which is traditionally a Berber region. Michael Hubner's hypothesis is that Atlantis was a "sunken" metropolis and was, only sunken briefly by a tsunami wave, causing destruction before returning to the sea. Hubner believed what remains of the ancient city are, sitting in plain sight above the Atlantic Ocean on coastline of Morocco
Helena Blavatsky one of the founders of Theosophy maintained that a form of racial evolution has taken place in the formation of modern humans as opposed to primate evolution. In her evaluation of evolution, the Atlanteans were the fourth root race. The fourth root race is presented as the first completely human species, at this stage the physical body consolidated and was perfected. The physical or outward appearing third eye present in the third root race disappeared with the refinement of the fourth root race bodies. The inwardly placed third eyes mental and visual perceptions were present in the Atlanteans. This third eye caused them to be born with sight which made accessible hidden knowledge. As “natural-born mediums,” their sight was unlimited, and they were able to find out all things at once without difficulty. Atlanteans may be the first form of actual human beings as the fourth root race was the first completely human species, albeit much larger in size than we are now.Atlanteans may be the race (Nephilim) described as the giants and titans mentioned in ancient scriptures. Intellect and speech were developed with this root race. The Atlanteans were also claircognizant and telepathic. In The Secret Doctrine, Blavatsky reported that the civilization of Atlantis reached its peak between 1,000,000 and 900,000 years ago but destroyed itself through internal warfare brought about by the dangerous use of supernatural powers. At their pinnacle, the Atlanteans were giants of both body and intelligence and were peerless scientists of their current and of present day. They are believed to have had flying solar operated vessels as well. Interestingly, Homer describes vessels “going without sails or oars” this may be a reference to them? Predictably, the Atlanteans used their knowledge for evil purposes. Atlantis may have also turned to trading slaves. The mentally strongest corrupted Atlanteans enslaved the mentally weakest Lemurians. Atlanteans are believed to have experimented with manipulating DNA to create superior races as well. Modern practices like vivisection, blood transfusion, the transplanting of animal organs to human bodies are among their inventions. Furor for personal wealth and power are the manifestations of the sins of the Atlanteans. Through their experimentation the Atlanteans could have created the Rh-negative aberrancy. Defiance of nature caused their destruction as a race and the cataclysmic event that destroyed their nation.
Many people of the present day are satisfied with accepting an ape as their ancestor, the Greeks traced their lineage to Gods. Gods were separated into three distinct classes: the Immortals, residing on Mount Olympus; the inferior gods, that animated Nature; the demi-gods, half mortal, and half immortal. These separations outline lines of evolution the monad, physical, and intellectual? The Greek Gods can be regarded in a myriad of ways. The meaning of the myths can be interpreted via the personification of the gods, such as: noumena the intelligent Powers of nature; of Cosmic Forces; of celestial bodies; of self-conscious gods; of psychic and spiritual powers; of Divine Kings on earth; or as actual historical figures. If the Greek myths are interpreted from this last point of view as actual historical figures, we gain a picture of how the four root races progressed. The Greeks may have preserved the myth of the sinking of Atlantis in the myth of Deucalion. In this myth, Zeus, decided to destroy all of humanity due to their transgressions and end the Bronze Age by flood. Deucalion assembled an ark in which, according to one version, he and his wife braved the flood and landed on Mount Parnassus as the only surviving humans. After the fourth root race had passed its apogee of development, a change occurred in men. Modesty, truth, and honor were put aside, in their place came crime, fraud, cunning and greed. Seeing the condition into which man had fallen, Zeus determined to destroy it and form a new land. This could be yet another iteration of the destruction of an old world or more specifically Atlantis which at its epoch may have been the center of power of the known world.
Another theory on the origin of Rh-negative blood is hybridization of the human species. The presence of Rh-negative blood may be evidence that humans are a hybrid species. A hybrid of the sons of God mating with daughters of men. In nature some hybridized animals exist and are fertile. As strange as it sounds, there has been speculation that Rh-negative blood originates from an alien species that interbred with humans or engineered humans in some way, creating a hybrid bloodline. Some hybrid animals in other species, have similar incompatibilities and sometimes even complete infertility. Could the incompatibility between Rh-negative mothers and Rh-positive babies be a consequence of hybridization? For instance, we know Neanderthals and Cro-Magnon hybridized, could there be more ancient or off world species hybridization. There is a popular book (I have not read, but plan to) Mankind, Child of the Stars by Max Flindt. Flindt demonstrated that humankind is a hybrid of cosmic ancestors and our earth ancestors. He documented the characteristics some may have received from their cosmic ancestors. There are some unusual traits that can be observed in Rh-negative people as well. These include lower than normal body temperature and lower blood pressure. Rh-negative individuals also tend to have golden flecks in the iris of their eye, reddish hair, piercing or large eyes. They tend to have lucid dreams. They are truth seekers, desire higher wisdom. They tend to experience empathic illnesses. They also have increased sensitivity to heat and sunlight. Other attributes reported are prominent cheekbones, high foreheads, above average looks, higher than average IQ, ESP and being Claircognizant. In Max H. Flindts book, he outlines his belief that the star men carrying out a divine mission to start life on earth were the "Angels" of the Bible. He documented biological evidence and presented the possibility that humankind may be a hybrid of a prehistoric union of terrestrial humanoids and star men.
Are the Nephilim of biblical legend the product of terrestrial humanoid and star men reproduction, is this union responsible for Rh-negative blood? The Book of Enoch was found in the Dead Sea Scrolls. Enoch was the grandfather of Noah. In the Book of Enoch, the angels known as the Watchers, descend from the heavens and mate with human women, creating a human-angel hybrid, the Nephilim. The Nephilim are mentioned in several places in the Bible at Genesis 6:4, “The Nephilim were on the earth in those days, and afterward, when the sons of God went into the daughters of humans, who bore children to them. These were the heroes that were of old, warriors of renown.” One of the reasons for the great biblical deluge was to wipe out the Nephilim, the offspring of the union between women and Watchers, though some Nephilim were said to have survived, could these survivors be the germ of the Rh-negative blood type?
Watcher angels or the “wakeful ones” were sent to Earth to oversee humans. Grigori, a transliteration of the Greek word for “watcher,” is used in the Septuagint as well. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia describes Watcher angels as servants of God who “possess a certain joint authority to speak the decrees of God, and apparently form a heavenly council who listen to God’s word and then act as divine messengers to bring these commands and revelations to human beings.” Watcher angels have a role in the earthly affairs of human beings, “watching” them, and, at times, even interfering with or controlling situations. They began to have an unnatural lust for women. “When men began to multiply on earth and daughters were born to them, the sons of God saw how beautiful the daughters of man were, and so they took for their wives as many of them as they chose.”
In ancient Sumerian texts, Watchers are known as the Annunaki, or visitors from a planet called Nibiru, the Sumerians also looked upon these Watchers/Anunnaki as gods. The Book of Enoch mentions the Sumerian ruler Gilgamesh, who describes the Annunaki in comparable fashion as Enoch describes the Watchers. The Watchers could have been an advanced extraterrestrial race, regarded as angels, some good and some bad. In the “Epic of Gilgamesh,” the gods often did not like to show their faces and communicated through transmitters, presently we have technology like this. Could they have been describing a telephone or telecom? The seventh tablet of the “Epic of Gilgamesh,” he describes being brought to a door that speaks like a living person. The Watchers habitation among humans is thought to be the reason we advanced rapidly as they imparted more complex civilization building knowledge to humans, specifically to women.
Their leader Samyaza caused many Watchers to defect en masse to illicitly instruct humanity and procreate among them. Their offspring described as savage giants who pillage the earth and endanger humanity. Samyaza and the 200 fallen Watchers who had unnatural unions with human women and are said to have instructed the women in forbidden knowledge. Instructing them in arts and technology like weaponry, cosmetics, mirrors, sorcery, and other knowledge that would have been discovered gradually by humans. Some of the specific angels and what knowledge they imparted are listed in the Zohar, Book of Jubilees, and the Book of Raziel. For instance, Penemue "taught humankind the art of writing with ink and paper," and taught "the children of men the bitter and the sweet and the secrets of wisdom." (I Enoch 69.8). Sariel taught humans the courses of the moon. The Watchers are said to be bound "in the valleys of the Earth" until Judgement Day, Jude verse 6 says, "And the angels which kept not their first estate, but left their own habitation, he hath reserved in everlasting chains under darkness unto the judgment of the great day.” Substantial debate also surrounds the nature of the “sons of God” who fathered the Nephilim.
Some people take the description of the Nephilim as giants literally. Others interpret it to mean that they were not giants in size but of influence and power. Many members of the European royal and assorted aristocratic families have a predominance of Rh-negative blood. British royals known to be Rh-negative are Queen Elizabeth, Princes Charles, William and Harry and Princess Diana. Rh-negative is predominant among royalty and world leaders as well. This predominance could be why Catherine of Aragon had such difficulty with her pregnancies? Eight of the last 13 presidents of the United States have been Rh-negative. Presidents with Rh-negative blood include Trump, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Nixon, Reagan, George W. Bush, Clinton, and Obama. In Lucy Hughes Hallets,’ Cleopatra, she states “Cleopatra, as a royal personage, is set apart from others: the blood royal flinches from contact with any that is less blue. Like her forebears, who disdained to marry any but their own siblings, they feel themselves to belong to a race apart. The Great are a separate species: they cannot crossbreed with humans of ordinary stock.” Jean Bodin went much further stating, “the ability to command cannot be made equal, as the citizens of popular states desire, for all we know that some have no more judgement than brute beasts, while in others the illumination of divine reason is such that they seem angels rather than men.” “The celebrity of Cleopatra is made tacitly to endorse the widespread belief that certain qualities are class-determined and hereditarily transmitted and that therefore the government of a country can only be safely entrusted to members of the already ruling class.” Also, several of the most popular famous entertainers are Rh-negative such as Marilyn Monroe, Johnny Depp, Leo DiCaprio. It would be interesting to know precisely how many and which of those of world renown and which major historical figures have been and are Rh-negative.
Lastly, I came across some internet wisdom that presented the theory that many of the women burned for witchcraft were Rh-negative. The 17th century Basque witch trials were a serious attempt at rooting out witchcraft undertaken by the Spanish Inquisition. The trial of the Basque witches began in January 1609 at Logroño, near Navarre and the Basque country. It was influenced by the background of similar persecutions conducted in Labourd, France, by Pierre de Lancre. By its end approximately 7,000 cases had been examined by the Inquisition however the number executed was small in comparison to executions in other European countries. In many places the women most vulnerable to accusations of witchcraft were elderly women typically living outside the parameters of the patriarchal family. "The limited data we have regarding the age of witches ... shows a solid majority of witches were older than 50, which in the early modern period was considered to be a much more advanced age than today." (Brian P. Levack, The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe, p. 129.) "The reason for this strong correlation seems clear," writes Katz: "these women, particularly older women who had never given birth and now were beyond giving birth, comprised the female group most difficult to assimilate, to comprehend, within the regulative late medieval social matrix, organized, as it was, around the family unit." (The Holocaust in Historical Context, Vol. I, pp. 468-69.) As more women than men tended to survive into a dependent old age, they could also be seen disproportionately as a burden by neighbors: "The woman who was labeled a witch wanted things for herself or her household from her neighbors, but she had little to offer in return to those who were not much better off than she. Increasingly resented as an economic burden, she was also perceived by her neighbors to be the locus of a dangerous envy and verbal violence." (Deborah Willis, Malevolent Nurture: Witch-Hunting and Maternal Power in Early Modern England, p. 65.). It could be that these women that never had children were Rh-negative and were unable to carry their Rh-positive babies to term supporting the theory that many women burned at the stake or accused of witchcraft may have been Rh-negative?
Is Rh-negative blood just an ordinary DNA mutation, one of many that we have accumulated over time? When DNA is damaged, a mutation can occur which is then passed to offspring, this is how genetic variation occurs. Genetic mutation/variation can be good and protective of the species. Could it be the mutation causing Rh-negative allele was in response to an unknown ancient virus as discussed above there is resiliency to some viruses provided by the Rh-negative allele. Are some humans a product of hybridization with an off-world species? Is Rh-negative blood a byproduct of Atlantean admixture? Did the sons of God mating with daughters of men leave their mark in the blood of their ancestors? Are the present-day Basques, Berbers and the ancient Guanches the genetic remnants of Atlanteans who may have imparted some proto-human DNA? Or if we follow the presumption that around 40% of Steppe-ancestry individuals would have been Rh-negative the origin could be the steppes of Russia with a group of mostly males on horseback carrying bronze weapons sweeping into Europe from the East, however there is no current high concentration of Rh-negative allele in that region.
Following Dr. Luigi Cavalli-Sforza thought that the distance between human populations known as ethnic groups, or “races” can be detected by the frequency with which the genes appear such as the Rh factor. Using this estimation of degrees of relatedness by subtracting the percentage of Rh-negative individuals perhaps you end up with only 2 actual “races” of people...
Who has fully realized that history is not contained in thick books but lives in our very blood?
~Carl Jung